For a more comprehensive list of citation formats, visit the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) or the APA Style References page.

• Website
• Article from a database
• Video
• Book
• Interview
• Social media post
• Image

With Author

Format:

Author's Last name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of page in sentence case italics. Title of Website. URL

Example:

Cain, A., & Burris M. (1999, April 8). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving. Center for Urban Transport Research. https://www.cutr.usf.edu/oldpubs/mobile_phone.PDF

In-text citation (Author's last name, Year):

(Cain & Burris, 1999)

No Date

Format:

Author's Last name, Initial(s). (n.d.). Title of page in sentence case italics. Title of Website. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Example:

Cain, A. & Burris M. (n.d.). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving. Center for Urban Transport Research. Retrieved July 3, 2019, from https://www.cutr.usf.edu/oldpubs/mobile_phone.PDF

In-text citation (Author's last name, n.d.):

(Cain & Burris, n.d.)

Include a retrieval date if the publication date is unknown, and if the contents of the page are designed to change over time and the page itself is not archived.

No Author

Format: 

Corporate Author or Website Publisher. (Year, Month Date). Title of article in sentence case italics. Title of Website (if applicable). URL

Example: 

Center for Urban Transport Research. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving. https://www.cutr.usf.edu/oldpubs/mobile_phone.PDF

In-text citation (Corporate Author or Website Publisher, Year): 

(Center for Urban Transport Research, 1999)

If a website was created by an organization rather than named individual authors, use the organization name in place of authors at the beginning of the citation.

When the author and the site name are the same, omit the site from the source element. 

With DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Format:

Author's Last name, Initial(s). (Date). Title of journal/newspaper article in sentence case. Title of Journal/Newspaper in Italics, Volume number in italics(Issue number), Page number(s). DOI

Example:

Jungwirth, D., & Haluza, D. (2023). Artificial intelligence and public health: An exploratory study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4541), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054541

In-text citation (Author's last name, Year):

(Jungwirth & Haluza, 2023)

For journal articles, use the Year for the publication date. For newspaper articles, use the Year, Month Date for the publication date.

Without DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Format:

Author's Last name, Initial(s). (Date). Title of journal/newspaper article in sentence case. Title of Journal/Newspaper in Italics, Volume number in italics(Issue number), Page number(s). 

Example:

Crappell, C. (2023). An interview with the smartest robot I know. The American Music Teacher, 72(5), 10-11.

Do not include a database URL in the citation.

In-text citation (Author's last name, Year):

(Crappell, 2023)

1 Author

Format:

Author's Last name, Initial(s). (Year). Book title in sentence case italics (Edition number). Publisher.

Example: 

O'Neil, S. K. (2013). Two nations indivisible: Mexico, the United States, and the road ahead (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

In-text citation (Author's last name, Year).

(O'Neil, 2013). 

Multiple Authors or With Editor(s)

• Two authors: Last name, Initial(s), & Last name, Initial(s)
• Three to 20 authors: List authors by Last name, initial(s) and separate names by commas until the last name, which should have an ampersand (&) before it instead of a comma.
• More than 20 authors: List by Last name, Initial(s). Use commas to separate author names. After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis (...) in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.
• If the book has an editor or editors on the front instead of an  author, use Last name, Initial(s) (Ed. or Eds.).

Work in an Anthology or Collection

Format: 

Author's Last name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of story/article/essay in sentence case. In Editor's Initial(s) Editor's Last name (Ed.), Title of anthology or collection in sentence case italics (pp. pages of story/article/essay). Publisher. (Original work published year if applicable)

Example: 

Keller, H. (2008). I go adventuring. In P. Lopate (Ed.), Writing New York: A literary anthology (pp. 505-508). Library of America. (Original work published 1955)

In-text citation (Author's last name, Year).

(Keller, 1955/2008)

NOTE:  No personal communication (such as a personal interview) is included in your reference list.  Instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.

For example:

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001)

A.P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002)

Format:

Author's Last name, Initial(s) or Name of Group [@Username]. (Year, Month Date). Up to 20 words of tweet content in italics [Type of post]. Website. URL

Example:

Fey, T [@mstinafey]. (2015, February 6). Dear Car Companies, Please replace glove compartments with toaster ovens [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/MsTinaFey/status/563834282511446018

In-text Citation (Author's last name, Year)

(Fey, 2015)

Note: Only the first 20 words of a longer tweet should be included.

With Author

Format:

Creator's Last name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of image in sentence case italics [Format]. Website Title. URL

Example: 

Baumel, A. (2010). Cholera treatment center in Haiti [Photograph]. Doctors Without Borders. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org

In-text Citation (Author's last name, Year):

(Baumel, 2010)

Image type examples:

[Photograph]
[Painting]
[Infographic]
[Chart]
[Clip art]

No Author

Format:

Title of image in sentence case italics [Format]. (Year). Website Title. URL

Example: 

Flu epidemic [Online image]. (1919). Doctors Without Borders. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org

In-text Citation (Title of image, Year):

(Flu epidemic, 1919)

No Author, No Title, No Date

Many images found on the Web fall under this category.      

Try to locate the missing information by clicking on the image, and/or looking at the bottom of the image.

Format:

[Description of image]. (Date or n.d.). Website Title. URL

Example: 

[Untitled illustration of a sleeping dog]. (n.d.). Imgur. http://www.sleepinganimals/pix.html

In-text Citation ([Description of image], Year):

([Untitled illustration of a sleeping dog], n.d.)